Resources

1. SAMHSA. TIP 63: Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Published online 2021. Accessed August 1, 2021. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/TIP-63-Medications-for-Opioid-Use-Disorder-Full-Document/PEP21-02-01-002
2. Carroll J, Green T, Noonan R. Evidence-Based Strategies for Preventing Opioid Overdose: What’s Working in the United States, 2018. Centers for Disease Control; 2018:40. Accessed December 2, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2018-evidence-based-strategies.pdf
3. Providers Clinical Support System. MAT Waiver Training for MD/DOs to Prescribe buprenorphine. Providers Clinical Support System. Accessed August 27, 2021. https://pcssnow.org/medications-for-opioid-use-disorder/waiver-training-for-physicians/
4. Chilcoat HD, Amick HR, Sherwood MR, Dunn KE. Buprenorphine in the United States: Motives for abuse, misuse, and diversion. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2019;104:148-157. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.07.005
5. Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Chilcoat HD. Understanding the use of diverted buprenorphine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2018;193:117-123. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.007
6. Dart RC. Per A New Frontier: Prescription Drug Abuse Beyond Opioids. Presented at: Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS) System 2020 14th Annual Scientific Meeting; n.d.
7. Carroll JJ, Rich JD, Green TC. The More Things Change: Buprenorphine/naloxone Diversion Continues While Treatment Remains Inaccessible. J Addict Med. 2018;12(6):459-465. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000436
8. Monico LB, Mitchell SG, Gryczynski J, et al. Prior Experience with Non-Prescribed Buprenorphine: Role in Treatment Entry and Retention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2015;57:57-62. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2015.04.010
9. The ASAM National Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: 2020 Focused Update. Journal of Addiction Medicine. 2020;14(2S):1-91. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000633
10. Linke S, Harrison R, Wallace P. A Web-based intervention used in general practice for people with excessive alcohol consumption. J Telemed Telecare. 2005;11 Suppl 1:39-41. doi:10.1258/1357633054461895
11. Debelak K, Morrone WR, O’grady KE, Jones HE. Buprenorphine+ naloxone in the treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy—initial patient care and outcome data. The American journal on addictions. 2013;22(3):252-254.
12. Project CARA. Use of Buprenorphine -Naloxone in Pregnancy (Project CARA Brief). Published online 2021.
13. Strickland DM, Burson JK. Sublingual absorption of naloxone in a large clinical population. J Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018;9(02):240.
14. Blazes CK, Morrow JD. Reconsidering the usefulness of adding naloxone to buprenorphine. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020;11:958.
15. Health and Human Services. Practice Guidelines for the Administration of Buprenorphine for Treating Opioid Use Disorder. Published online April 28, 2021. Accessed September 10, 2021. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/04/28/2021-08961/practice-guidelines-for-the-administration-of-buprenorphine-for-treating-opioid-use-disorder
16. Pattani A. DEA takes aggressive stance toward pharmacies trying to dispense addiction medicine. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/11/08/1053579556/dea-suboxone-subutex-pharmacies-addiction. Published November 8, 2021.
17. Williams AR, Samples H, Crystal S, Olfson M. Acute care, prescription opioid use, and overdose following discontinuation of long-term buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2020;177(2):117-124.
18. Davoli M, Perucci CA, Forastiere F, et al. Risk factors for overdose mortality: a case-control study within a cohort of intravenous drug users. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1993;22(2):273-277.
19. O’Halloran C, Cullen K, Njoroge J, et al. The extent of and factors associated with self-reported overdose and self-reported receipt of naloxone among people who inject drugs (PWID) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2017;46:34-40. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.017
20. Flavin L, Malowney M, Patel N, et al. Availability of Buprenorphine Treatment in the 10 States With the Highest Drug Overdose Death Rates in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2020;26(1):17-22.
21. Ma J, Bao YP, Wang RJ, et al. Effects of medication-assisted treatment on mortality among opioids users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(12):1868-1883. doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0094-5
22. American Pharmacists Association. Increasing Access to and Advocacy for Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD). 2020. Accessed August 10, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7440871/
23. NC Legislature. STOP Act. 2017. http://www.ncbop.org/PDF/NCDHHSImplementationofCSRSSTOPActJuly2021.pdf
24. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/docs/Dear_Registrant_MOUD.pdf
25. https://www.ncdhhs.gov/sl-2017-57-section-11f10-opioid-prescription-drug-abuse-monitoring-annual-report-1/open
26. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/telehealth-supports-retention-treatment-opioid-use-disorder
27. The American Society of Addiction Medicine. Advancing Access to Addiction Medications. Accessed May 11, 2017.
28. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/docs/A-23-0020-Dear-Registrant-Letter-Signed.pdf

The development of Buprenorphine Understanding in the Pharmacy Environment (B.U.P.E.) was supported by the University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy and RTI International. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders.

The Continuing Education program is a grant-funded effort that teaches pharmacists about dispensing of buprenorphine for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) at community pharmacies. Content focuses on what buprenorphine is; factors that have led to an increase in buprenorphine prescriptions; barriers that can limit access to buprenorphine at community pharmacies; and how to overcome these barriers.

Program content was developed by Bayla Ostrach, MA, PhD, CIP and Delesha Carpenter, PhD, MSPH, with Grace Trull, BS. A team of expert stakeholders with relevant experience helped develop the program content. The Development Panel included community pharmacists and stakeholders involved in pharmacist education and rural healthcare.

The program was produced by the MEDIA team at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy.