{"id":27,"date":"2019-04-10T13:28:43","date_gmt":"2019-04-10T13:28:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/?page_id=27"},"modified":"2020-07-16T16:33:40","modified_gmt":"2020-07-16T16:33:40","slug":"lesson-8-categorical-outcomes-between-groups-differences","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/lesson-8-categorical-outcomes-between-groups-differences\/","title":{"rendered":"Lesson 8: Categorical Outcomes, Between Groups Differences"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"\"><ul class=\"nav nav-tabs\" id=\"oscitas-tabs-0\"><li class=\"active\"><a class=\"\" href=\"#pane-0-0\" data-toggle=\"tab\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a class=\"\" href=\"#pane-0-1\" data-toggle=\"tab\">Terminology<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a class=\"\" href=\"#pane-0-2\" data-toggle=\"tab\">Basic Concepts<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a class=\"\" href=\"#pane-0-3\" data-toggle=\"tab\">Reported Results<\/a><\/li><li class=\"\"><a class=\"\" href=\"#pane-0-4\" data-toggle=\"tab\">Assessment<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"tab-content\"><div class=\"tab-pane active\" id=\"pane-0-0\"><div id=\"quicktabs-tabpage-lesson_6_-0\" class=\"quicktabs-tabpage \">\n<article id=\"node-107\" class=\"node node-book clearfix\">\n<header><\/header>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<div class=\"tex2jax\">\n<div class=\"intro\">\n<div class=\"introtopper\">This lesson reviews between-group differences for discrete variables. At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Describe the chi-square test of independence, Fisher exact test, and McNemar test<\/li>\n<li>Interpret the results of each test<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane \" id=\"pane-0-1\"><div id=\"quicktabs-tabpage-lesson_6_-1\" class=\"quicktabs-tabpage quicktabs-hide\">\n<article id=\"node-108\" class=\"node node-book clearfix\">\n<header><\/header>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<div class=\"tex2jax\">\n<div class=\"terminology\">\n<p>Terms that appear frequently throughout this lesson are defined below:<\/p>\n<table class=\"table\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"termdef\"><strong>Term<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"termdef\"><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Discrete<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Variables that have a finite number of possible values<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Chi-square<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>A test of observed and expected frequencies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fisher exact test<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Similar to the chi-square test of independence; used when the expected frequencies are small<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>McNemar test<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>A test of paired frequencies (e.g., frequency before and frequency after)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane \" id=\"pane-0-2\"><div id=\"quicktabs-tabpage-lesson_6_-2\" class=\"quicktabs-tabpage quicktabs-hide\">\n<article id=\"node-109\" class=\"node node-book clearfix\">\n<header><\/header>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<div class=\"tex2jax\">\n<h2>I. Chi-Square Test<\/h2>\n<p>Nominal data is common in health sciences research (e.g., the presence or absence of disease, adherence or non-adherence, gender, and socio-economic status). By far, the most common approach to analyzing discrete or nominal data is the chi-square test.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>chi-square test <\/strong>examines the difference between the observed and expected frequencies of a variable. Consider the <strong>contingency table<\/strong> below (i.e., n= 300 pregnant women). If exposure had no effect, we might expect that the proportion of individuals in both groups would be the same. The chi-square test can determine if the frequencies in the &#8220;exposed&#8221; group differ from those we would expect if there were no association between exposure and pregnancy:<\/p>\n<table class=\"table\" style=\"width: 500px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">&nbsp;<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Complicated Pregnancy<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Normal Pregnancy<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Total<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Exposure<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">75<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">125<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No Exposure<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">25<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">175<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Total<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">100<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>II. Fisher Exact Test<\/h2>\n<p>One limitation to the chi-square test is its inaccuracy when the expected frequency in any cell is small. As a common convention, the Fisher exact test should be used anytime that a frequency is less than 5 (n &lt; 5).<\/p>\n<h2>III. McNemar Test<\/h2>\n<p>The chi-square and Fisher exact test are appropriate for independent, or unpaired, variables. When repeated measures are used to collect frequencies for nominal data, for example a pre- and post-test, the <strong>McNemar test <\/strong>should be used. Consider the table below (n=350 participants), which provides frequencies for those that agree or disagree with vaccination before an educational video and after. In this example, 150 participants <em>agree with vaccination<\/em> before and after the video, 25 <em>agree<\/em> before but <em>disagree <\/em>after the video, 160 <em>disagree before<\/em> and <em>agree <\/em>after the video, and 15 <em>disagree with vaccination<\/em> before and after the video. The McNemar Test can determine if the educational video significantly impacted agreement or disagreement with vaccination:<\/p>\n<table class=\"table\" style=\"width: 500px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">&nbsp;<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">&nbsp;<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\" scope=\"colgroup\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: center;\">After Video<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Agree with Vaccination<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Disagree with Vaccination<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: middle; position: relative;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\" scope=\"row group\"><strong>Before Video<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Agree with Vaccination<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Disagree with Vaccination<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">160<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane \" id=\"pane-0-3\"><div id=\"quicktabs-tabpage-lesson_6_-3\" class=\"quicktabs-tabpage quicktabs-hide\">\n<article id=\"node-110\" class=\"node node-book clearfix\">\n<header><\/header>\n<div class=\"field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<div class=\"field-items\">\n<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<div class=\"tex2jax\">\n<h2>Example 1: Readmission Rates<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"Para\">Methods:<\/h3>\n<div class=\"Para\">The objective of this study was to determine if a difference existed in hospital readmission rates at 60 days postdischarge between the intervention group (i.e., pharmacist visit within 60 days of discharge) and control group (i.e., no pharmacist visit). Chi-square analyses were used to assess differences in hospital readmissions between the groups and demographic (i.e., age, gender, and race\/ethnicity) characteristics between the intervention and control groups. To achieve 80% power (\u03b1 = 0.05), it was estimated that 75 patients per group would be needed to address the study objectives.<\/div>\n<div class=\"Para\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table class=\"table\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Characteristic<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">Intervention<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">Control<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>P<\/em><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">66<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">65<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Age, years (mean \u00b1 SD)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">47.7 \u00b1 10.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">46.5 \u00b1 10.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.5106<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Women (%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">68.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">60.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.3290*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>White (%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">20.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">55.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&lt; 0.0001*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No. medications (mean \u00b1 SD)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8.5 \u00b1 4.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">5.1 \u00b1 2.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&lt; 0.0001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No. diseases (mean \u00b1 SD)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">5.1 \u00b1 2.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2.3 \u00b1 1.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&lt; 0.0001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hospital readmission (%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">18.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">43.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.0020*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"Para\">Nominal variables:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Para\">Group (Intervention\/Control)<\/li>\n<li class=\"Para\">Gender (Women\/Not Women)<\/li>\n<li class=\"Para\">Race\/Ethnicity (White\/Not White)<\/li>\n<li class=\"Para\">Hospital readmission (Yes\/No)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"Para\">Chi-square analyses:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Para\">Group vs Gender<\/li>\n<li class=\"Para\">Group vs Race\/Ethnicity<\/li>\n<li class=\"Para\">Group vs Hospital readmission<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"Para\">*Chi-square results:<\/h3>\n<div class=\"Para\">When comparing the intervention and control groups , no significant differences in gender ( p = 0.3290) were noted. However, the control group had a significantly higher percentage of whites (p &lt; 0.0001). Of the 65 patients in the control group, 28 (43.1%) were readmitted to the hospital within 60 days compared with 12 of 66 patients (18.2%) in the intervention group. Thus, a significantly higher percentage of patients in the control group were readmitted to the hospital (p = 0.0020).<\/div>\n<h2>Example 2: Malnutrition<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"rvps15\"><span class=\"rvts9\">Methods:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"rvps15\"><span class=\"rvts9\">In the following study, the chi-square test was used to compare nominal variables and the Fisher exact test when expected values were <\/span><span class=\"rvts26\">\u200b\u200b<\/span><span class=\"rvts9\">less than five.&nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"rvts9\">A <\/span>p<span class=\"rvts9\">-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table class=\"table\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" scope=\"col\">Health status, n (%)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Malnutrition<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Risk of Malnutrition<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Normal<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Total<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\"><em>P<\/em> value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" scope=\"row\">Physical exercises<\/th>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1 (7.1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">13 (24.1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">22 (51.2)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">36 (32.4)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">13 (92.9)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">41 (75.9)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">21 (48.8)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">75 (67.6)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" scope=\"row\">Chronic diseases<\/th>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.430<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">12 (85.7)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">48 (88.9)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">34 (79.1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">94 (84.7)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2 (14.3)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">6 (11.1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">9 (20.9)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">17 (15.3)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" scope=\"row\">Dental problem<\/th>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.207<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7 (50.0)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">19 (35.2)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">11 (25.6)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">37 (33.3)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">7 (50.0)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">35 (64.8)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">32 (74.4)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">74 (66.7)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" scope=\"row\">Gastro-intestinal problem<\/th>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.056<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1 (7.1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">22 (40.7)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">15 (34.9)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">38 (34.2)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">13 (92.9)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">32 (59.3)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">28 (65.1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">73 (65.8)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" scope=\"row\">Falls<\/th>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1.000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4 (28.6)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">17 (31.5)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">14 (32.6)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">35 (31.5)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">10 (71.4)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">37 (68.5)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">29 (67.4)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">76 (68.5)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" scope=\"row\">Smoking<\/th>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.611<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4 (28.6)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">20 (37.0)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">12 (27.9)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">36 (32.4)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">10 (71.4)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">34 (63.0)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">31 (72.1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">75 (67.6)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\" scope=\"row\">Alcohol<\/th>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.140<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0 (0.0)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2 (3.7)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">6 (14.0)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8 (7.2)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">14 (100.0)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">52 (96.3)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">37 (86.0)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">103 (92.8)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Chi-square results (all variables in the table):<\/h3>\n<p>This table allows us to see the health factors that have association with the nutritional status of older adults in this sample. Physical exercises (p&nbsp;<span class=\"rvts9\">= 0.002),<\/span><span class=\"rvts9\"> for example,<\/span><span class=\"rvts9\"> showed an association with nutritional status.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"well moreinfo\">\n<p class=\"rvps15\">For more information<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"citation\">Example 1: Bellone JM, et al.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22618976\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Postdischarge interventions by pharmacists and impact on hospital readmission rates.<\/a> <cite>Journal of the American Pharmacists Association<\/cite>. 2012: 52(3);358.<\/li>\n<li class=\"citation\">Example 2: El Zoghbi M, et al.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24402844\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Prevalence of Malnutrition and Its Correlates in Older Adults Living in Long Stay Institutions Situated in Beirut, Lebanon.<\/a> <cite>Journal of Research in Health Sciences.<\/cite> 2013;14:1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane \" id=\"pane-0-4\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-8\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"8\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Assessment (For Lesson 8)\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1404,"href":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27\/revisions\/1404"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wp.media.unc.edu\/biostatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}